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The government was largest employer in the country, and the status of government workers remained unclear. Societal Abuses and Discrimination.

Kurdish security forces committed abuses against non-Kurdish minorities in the North, including Christians, Shabak, Turcomen, and Arabs. Abuse ranged from threats and intimidation to detention in undisclosed locations without due Prostitutes Ad Dujayl see section 1.

Verification or assessment of credibility of claimed torture and abuses by KRG officials was extremely difficult. The press reported that police tortured a Turcoman vegetable seller after he was arrested Prostitutes Ad Dujayl March 17 and taken to the Megdad KRG police station.

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Insurgents and terrorists, predominantly but not exclusively Sunni, regularly employed multiple forms of torture and inhuman treatment against their victims see section 1. Beatings, throwing acid on women, execution-style killings, dismemberment, and beheadings were routinely perpetrated against citizens and foreigners. Prostitutes Ad Dujayl and Detention Center Conditions In the government's official civilian penal system, the ICS prisons, conditions significantly improved during the year.

Most ICS facilities met most international penal standards, although none met all. However, other detention systems existed about which little was known.

However, according to press reports quoting political leaders and families of detainees, Kurdish political parties employed a network of at least five detention facilities outside the official KRG prison system to incarcerate hundreds of Sunni Arabs, Turcomen, and other minorities abducted and secretly transferred from Mosul and from territories stretching to the Iranian border.

The MOD operated 17 holding areas or detention facilities in Baghdad and at least another 13 nationwide for detainees captured during military raids and operations. Efforts were underway at year's end to integrate detainees in these MOD facilities into the criminal justice system. Throughout the year ICS officials implemented procedures for the screening of all persons taken Prostitutes Ad Dujayl ICS custody from the police, courts, or any other entity as soon as reasonably possible for injuries or signs of abuse.

Medical staff examined and documented the results in the person's medical record. During the year 13 cases of abuse by ICS personnel were reported and investigated. Two of the cases were closed as unfounded, six individuals received administrative punishment, and five cases were pending at year's end. Overcrowding continued to be a problem. The continuing investigation into overcrowded detention facilities was underway at year's end. Overall detainee numbers increased due to Prostitutes Ad Dujayl arrests carried out during security and Prostitutes Ad Dujayl operations.

ICS and KRG facilities held approximately 9, inmates, including women, with an overall total of approximately 9, beds. ICS operated 11 prisons and pretrial detention facilities, and Kurdish authorities operated 7. Renovation and construction on an additional 3 Prostitutes Ad Dujayl, totaling 4, beds, continued at year's end.

It could not be determined whether inmates died during the year due to poor Prostitutes Ad Dujayl of confinement or lack of medical care. Medical care was poor, reflecting community standards. The law provides that women and juveniles must Prostitutes Ad Dujayl held separately from men; however, reportedly women were held in the same facilities as men in some instances, and juveniles were held with adults. Additionally, pretrial detainees and convicted prisoners were sometimes held in Prostitutes Ad Dujayl same facility.

The government generally permitted visits to prisons by independent human rights observers and NGOs; however, some NGOs reported difficulties in gaining access to detention facilities, and presumably there were no visits to undisclosed detention centers.

Arbitrary Arrest or Detention The TAL provides protection against arbitrary arrest and detention except in extreme exigent circumstances. No Prostitutes Ad Dujayl may be unlawfully arrested or detained, and no one may be detained by reason of political or religious beliefs. In practice, the authorities in many cases did not observe these provisions. Such responsibilities include providing internal security through police and Prostitutes Ad Dujayl intelligence capabilities, and regulating all domestic and foreign private security companies.

It also has responsibility for emergency response, border enforcement, dignitary protection, firefighting, and facilities protection.

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Other CPA memos signed in recognized a local defense force pesh merga as legitimate within KRG recognized provincial boundaries. The MOI commands a number of uniformed forces, including the Iraqi Police Service and the Special Police Forces, numbering more Prostitutes Ad Dujayl 20 thousand who received little police training. MOI police effectiveness was seriously compromised by sectarian influences of Prostitutes Ad Dujayl that infiltrated the MOI, corruption, a culture of impunity, lack of training and, in some instances, by intimidation within security force.

In the aftermath Prostitutes Ad Dujayl the fall of the former regime, a police presence temporarily vanished, except in the Kurdish areas. After Aprila large recruitment and training Prostitutes Ad Dujayl was established, including hiring former police officers. Reconstituted police units in some cities, particularly Mosul and Fallujah, sometimes disintegrated or fled when faced with large-scale insurgent attacks.

More than a dozen militias have been documented in the country. M ilitia members integrated into the Iraqi Security Forces ISF typically remained within preexisting organizational Prostitutes Ad Dujayl and retained their original loyalties or affiliations.

Of these integrated militias only the Badr Organization and the pesh merga of the Kurdistan Democratic Party KDP and Patriotic Union of Kurdistan PUK remained significant, cohesive entities at the end of the year, although they were nominally integrated.

Six sponsor organizations either disbanded their militias or assigned them to personal security duties for political leadership.

The Mahdi Army remained a separate and freestanding militia. Efforts to increase the capacity and effectiveness of the police were ongoing.

In the human rights area, 17 percent of the thousand-member police force received an average of 22 hours of human rights instruction during the year, Prostitutes Ad Dujayl the total of police trained to 64 percent of the police force by year's end. Also, all ICS personnel were required to undergo training at a five-week basic corrections academy.

This training, including instruction on basic human rights, was mandatory for the 5, ICS correctional officers. As of year's end, approximately 58 percent had Prostitutes Ad Dujayl such training.

Human rights offices responsible for investigating allegations of police abuse were established in all governorates; however, there was insufficient information to determine their effectiveness. Corruption was widely perceived Prostitutes Ad Dujayl be a severe problem within the police.

On September 14, unknown assailants abducted Soran Abdul-Qadir, head of human rights and democracy programs for Norwegian People's Aid's in Sulaymaniyah.

There were many allegations of police abuse involving unlawful arrests, beatings, and theft from the homes of detainees. MOI's inspector general IG investigated reports of corruption, tried to educate MOI personnel about the danger of corruption and to develop a culture of transparency, and worked on human rights issues in any venue that affected MOI.

The IG reported that it investigated cases of police corruption and more than 40 allegations of Prostitutes Ad Dujayl rights abuses during the year. Results were not publicized Prostitutes Ad Dujayl year's end.

It brought forward several cases of corruption and abuse. The Minister fired all the accused, many of whom have been remanded for trial. At year's end no trials had taken Prostitutes Ad Dujayl. In the IG's office, a hot line existed for citizens to report cases of corruption and abuse, in addition Prostitutes Ad Dujayl mentoring and training programs that focused on accountability.

A code of police conduct also exists. Arrest and Detention. Under the emergency law, the prime minister has a wide array of powers, including the authority to detain and search suspects. The law provides that all such actions must be pursuant to an arrest or search warrant unless there are "extreme exigent circumstances," and detained suspects must appear before a judge within 24 hours of arrest.

If the investigative judge finds a basis on which to press charges, the prisoner remains confined Prostitutes Ad Dujayl is transported to an ICS detention facility to await trial see sections 1.

Pursuant to the Prostitutes Ad Dujayl Procedure Code, the judge who issues an Prostitutes Ad Dujayl warrant sets the bond Prostitutes Ad Dujayl. If no conditions of release are specified, the accused is kept in custody. Under the most common bond condition, an Prostitutes Ad Dujayl is released into the custody of a responsible individual such as a family member or tribal leaderwho will vouch for the individual's appearance at a future court hearing.

Judges are authorized to appoint paid counsel for the indigent, and did so, according to observers of proceedings in the Central Criminal Court in Baghdad. Attorneys were provided with private rooms during official visits to confer with their clients.

Criminal detainees generally were informed of the charges against them, although sometimes with delay. Criminal detainees were generally retained in custody pending the outcome of a criminal investigation. Authorities stated that police generally arrested individuals in accordance with a duly issued warrant; however, police frequently arrested and held in detention without the necessary judicial approval individuals who had not been accused of any crime.

Security sweeps sometimes were conducted throughout entire neighborhoods, and numerous people were arrested without a warrant or probable cause. Police often failed to notify family members of the arrest or location of detention.

According to the government, ICS generally imprisoned civilians under the rule of law, accompanied by a valid confinement order from a judge. Although some MOI detainees were processed judicially, Prostitutes Ad Dujayl were detained without having been brought into the judicial system. In practice ministries acting outside the scope of their legal authority detained numerous individuals and enabled many other serious abuses.

For example, some of those held in MOI facilities uncovered on November 13 and December 8 lacked any judicial paperwork. Lengthy pretrial detentions continued to be a significant problem.

Dujail (Arabic: الدجيل; alternate spelling: Ad Dujayl) is a town in Saladin Governorate, foxvalleyspinespecialists.com is situated about 65 kilometers (40 mi) north of Baghdad, and has approximately , inhabitants, who are mostly foxvalleyspinespecialists.com was the site of the Dujail Massacre, in which between and people, including children, died. The Dujail bombing also took place . Prostitutes Moutsamoudou, Funny Internet Dating Jokes Images, Cheyenne Escorts Brandon Manitoba Golden Rae, Find Iranian Girl For Marriage.

These resulted from backlogs in the judiciary, slow processing Prostitutes Ad Dujayl criminal investigations and, most seriously, undocumented detentions. Many prisoners, some undocumented, were held incommunicado for extended periods see section 1.

Reportedly, police continued to use coerced confessions and abuse as methods of investigation. Hundreds of cases alleging police abuse and torture were pending throughout the country at year's end. On March 29, according to the press, the Higher Judicial Council accused the MOI of violating the state of emergency law on warrantless arrest and detention by relying on an internal MOI directive authorizing the practice in nonexigent circumstances see section 1.

Police or criminal impersonators in police uniforms sometimes made false arrests to extort money. Some police officers did not present defendants to magistrates but held them in detention cells until their families paid bribes for their release. Prostitutes Ad Dujayl security forces abuse ranged from threats and intimidation to detention in undisclosed locations without due process see section 1. Police detained and took more than individuals from Kirkuk to KRG territory during the year.

There were no publicized cases of criminal proceedings brought against members of the police in connection with alleged violations of human rights. MOI Prostitutes Ad Dujayl claimed that there were several arrests of police and both Prostitutes Ad Dujayl and administrative punishments in cases where allegations of torture were substantiated; no specific cases were identified by year's end.

While there was not sufficient experience to determine, in practice, its independence, Prostitutes Ad Dujayl judiciary was vulnerable to intimidation and violence and to the exercise of political influence.

Trial Procedures According Prostitutes Ad Dujayl the TAL, all persons are equal before the courts Prostitutes Ad Dujayl no individual may be deprived of life or liberty except in accordance with legal procedures The TAL provides for the right to a fair trial, and the judiciary generally sought to enforce this right. An accused is innocent until proven guilty pursuant to the law and has the right to engage independent and competent counsel, remain silent in response to questions, and summon and examine witnesses or ask that a judge do so.

The criminal justice system is based on a civil system similar to that of France Code Napoleon. It was modified under the Ottoman Turks and greatly influenced by the Egyptian system. The system is inquisitorial; the judiciary controls and investigates cases. Tribal leaders applied Shari'a Islamic law in settling disputes. The courts are geographically organized into 17 appellate districts.

There Prostitutes Ad Dujayl two types of criminal courts--misdemeanor and felony. Prostitutes Ad Dujayl are presented to the court in the district where the crime took place. An investigative judge controls the investigation and recommends charges if sufficient evidence has been discovered. Trial and sentencing are generally very short processes.

Witnesses who are not present have their statements read into the record. Defendants who are found guilty are sentenced immediately after the verdict. Prosecutors and defense counsel may question witnesses during the proceeding. In practice they often asked few, if any, questions after the judge had completed his questioning. The prosecutors and defense counsel routinely made initial and final statements to the court. Decisions can be appealed to an appellate court and then to the Court of Cassation, which is the court of last resort in most matters concerning federal law.

The Presidency Council approved the Supreme Court's members; however, no cases were heard by year's end. While the Court of Cassation is the court Prostitutes Ad Dujayl last resort for most matters concerning the enforcement of federal law, the Prostitutes Ad Dujayl Court has original and exclusive jurisdiction in conflicts between federal and other authorities and in claims that a law is inconsistent with the TAL. The chief appellate judge of each district, along with several judges from the Court of Cassation, comprises the HJC.

In the event of judicial misconduct, the HJC convenes a disciplinary hearing to determine the merits of the allegations.

Unlike inthere were no reported cases of judicial misconduct during the year. In the HJC convened a disciplinary hearing concerning the allegation that a Baghdad judge dismissed criminal cases due to external influence. After a six-month investigation, the judge was removed from office due to concerns about his integrity. There was no evidence of outside influence on the Prostitutes Ad Dujayl.

On a number of occasions, the HJC challenged the failure of the MOI to produce prisoners in court before an investigative judge for timely review of the basis for arrest and continued detention. These problems did not exist for detainees held in regular police stations. However, because the Special Police tended to detain large numbers of individuals without bringing them before a judge, the HJC arranged to have an investigative judge periodically go to the detention facility of some Special Police units and review the status of detainees there.

The results of this HJC-directed effort were mixed. Sometimes Special Police units did not cooperate; at times Prostitutes Ad Dujayl prisoners simply were not presented to the judge. In two cases, investigative judges were allegedly involved in or ignored misconduct by MOI units.

During the year the HJC did not bring criminal charges in these matters. In the Governing Council created the Iraqi High Tribunal IHTformerly the Iraqi Special Tribunal, to try persons accused of committing war crimes, genocide, crimes against humanity, and specified offenses under Iraqi law from July 17,through May 1, The Dujayl trial, the first in what was expected to be a series of trials of Saddam Hussein and other defendants began on October The trial was based on an incident in when army deserters shot Prostitutes Ad Dujayl Saddam Hussein's convoy as it passed through the Shi'a farming town of Al-Dujayl.

The charges alleged that Saddam, in retaliation, ordered the Intelligence Service to arrest more than Dujayl men, women, and children who were subsequently imprisoned, tortured, and had their farmlands destroyed. Saddam allegedly ordered men and teenage boys, after 5 years of continuous persecution, executed by hanging. At year's end the Prostitutes Ad Dujayl was ongoing. Violence and intimidation harmed members of the judiciary, including defense lawyers. In early September, three judges riding in one vehicle in Salah Ad Din were stopped and taken to a Prostitutes Ad Dujayl location for a mock trial.

They were told to resign their judgeships, and did so. Armed gunmen abducted Sa'adoun Sughaiyer al-Janabi, a defense counsel in the Dujayl trial from his Baghdad office on Prostitutes Ad Dujayl On October 20, al-Janabi was found dead, shot execution-style. No further information was available regarding this case at year's end. On November 8, armed assailants shot and killed Adil al-Zubeidi, wounding Thamer al-Khuzahie in the attack; both were lawyers for codefendants in Saddam's trial.

The law provides that civilian judges be designated to sit as a separate Prostitutes Ad Dujayl court for members of the military.

Although 20 judges were so designated, no military trials occurred during the year. Political Prisoners There were no reports that the national government held political prisoners. On October 27, members of Parastinthe security intelligence service of the KDP, in Irbil arrested and detained incommunicado international political activist, Kamal Said Kadir, an Iraqi Kurd with Austrian citizenship.

Prostitutes Ad Dujayl officials said the arrest was based on a number of lawsuits by civilians. According to the NGO International PEN, the KDP International Relations Bureau in London confirmed that he was being investigated for "slander, personal harassment and threats" in connection with the publication of articles the Kurdish authorities considered to be provocative and defamatory of "certain prominent elected official politicians.

On December 19, Said Kadir was sentenced to 30 years' imprisonment. Property Restitution T he Iraq Property Claims Commission IPCC was established in by CPA Regulation 12 as an independent governmental commission designed to resolve claims for real property that was confiscated, forcibly acquired, or otherwise taken for less than fair value Prostitutes Ad Dujayl the former regime between July 17,and Prostitutes Ad Dujayl 9,for reasons other than land reform or lawfully applied eminent domain, and between March 18,and June 30, by persons whose property was taken for ethnic or religious reasons or by individuals whose property had previously been confiscated by the former regime.

The statute establishing the IPCC was amended in July to extend the time limit for the Prostitutes Ad Dujayl of claims until Prostitutes Ad Dujayl 30,which was expected to Prostitutes Ad Dujayl primarily out-of-country claimants who had not yet heard about the claims process.

There were approximately 1, IPCC employees in offices located in all 18 Prostitutes Ad Dujayl and led by Ahmed al-Barrak, a former member of the Iraqi Governing Council, who replaced Suhail al-Hashimi in July as the head of the national secretariat. At year-end, the IPCC had received nearly thousand claims nationwide.

Of those claims, its regional commissions have adjudicated only approximately 14 percent nationwide, with geographic variations. There was no information that claimants had yet received compensation through the IPCC. However, by the end of the year the government had not established a mechanism to transfer funds to successful claimants. After adjudication, the IPCC's only role in enforcement is to send an official letter to the real estate registry office ordering transfer of title in appropriate cases.

Arbitrary Interference with Privacy, Family, Home, or Correspondence The TAL prohibits such actions, and the government attempted to respect these prohibitions in practice, although in numerous instances, the security forces did not. The law provides for the right to privacy; police, investigators, or other governmental authorities may not violate the sanctity of private residences without a search warrant issued in accordance with the applicable law unless "extreme exigent circumstances" exist.

Under the emergency law, the prime minister may authorize authorities to detain and search suspects, Prostitutes Ad Dujayl their homes and work places.

The law provides that all such actions must be pursuant to an arrest or search warrant unless there are extreme exigent circumstances, and detained suspects must appear before a judge within 24 hours of arrest. The police were instructed to comply with legal warrant requirements but reportedly often did not. Party membership was necessary to obtain some employment and educational opportunities, particularly in the Kurdish North where the dominant parties were the KDP and PUK see section 3.

Use of Excessive Force and Other Abuses in Internal Conflicts During the year unsettled conditions prevented effective governance in areas of the country, and insurgent and terrorist attacks Prostitutes Ad Dujayl the government's human rights performance.

Government military and police forces under government control killed armed fighters or persons planning or carrying out violence against civilian or military targets; according to personal accounts and numerous press reports, these forces caused inadvertent civilian deaths.

Treatment of detainees under government authority was deficient in some cases, including killing, torture, and other cruel, inhuman, or degrading abuse see particularly sections 1. Investigations with respect to these abuses covering all government-controlled detention centers were underway at year's end. Former regime elements, local and foreign fighters, and terrorists waged guerrilla warfare and a terrorist campaign of violence impacting every aspect of life.

Killings, kidnappings, torture, and intimidation were f ueled by political grievances and ethnic and religious tensions and were supported by parts of the Prostitutes Ad Dujayl. Insurgents and terrorists targeted anyone whose death or disappearance would advance their cause and, particularly, anyone suspected of being connected to government-affiliated security forces. Bombings, executions, killings, kidnappings, shootings, and intimidation were a daily occurrence throughout all regions and sectors of society.

An illustrative list of these attacks, even a highly selective one, could scarcely reflect the broad dimension of the violence. Terrorists, insurgents and reportedly militia members frequently targeted government officials. In addition to these cases, many other political activists and ordinary civilians were also wounded and killed. Bombings took thousands of civilian lives across the country during the year.

For instance, on February 28 a suicide bomber drove into a crowd outside a government health center, killing approximately and injuring at least A suicide bomber blew himself up in a crowd of police volunteers in the northern city of Irbil on May 4, killing approximately 45 and wounding more than On September 14, Prostitutes Ad Dujayl than people were killed in a series of attacks in Baghdad, including a car bomb attack on a group of workers in a mainly Shi'a district.

Al-Qa'ida in Iraq claimed responsibility. On October 11, a suicide bomber drove his explosives-packed vehicle into a crowded outdoor market in Tal Afar, killing at least 30 and wounding Al-Qa'ida claimed responsibility for the attack. The following day, a suicide bomber detonated the explosives hidden beneath his Prostitutes Ad Dujayl at an army recruiting center in Baghdad, killing at least 30 and wounding All sectors of society suffered from the continued wave of kidnappings.

Kidnappers often killed their victims despite the payment of ransom. The widespread nature of this phenomenon precluded reliable statistics. Al-Qa'ida of the Jihad Organization in the Land of Two Rivers claimed responsibility for the kidnapping and subsequent murder of the two diplomats.

Five members Prostitutes Ad Dujayl Baghdad's St. George's Anglican Church disappeared in mid-September while returning from a conference in Jordan. There was no information about their whereabouts at year's end. Press reports indicated that insurgents often used children as informers and messengers and in diversionary tactics to distract security forces troops. Children sometimes participated directly in attacks, as well see section 5.

Throughout the year terrorists systematically damaged and destroyed key infrastructure. Principally, but not exclusively in the central region of the country, sabotage to oil, electricity, and transportation lines reduced the movement and availability of critical services and goods to the population. Section 2 Respect for Civil Liberties, Including: a.

CPA Order 14, as amended by CPA Orderrestricts media organizations from incitement to violence and civil disorder, expressing support for the banned Ba'th Party and support for "alterations to Prostitutes Ad Dujayl borders by violent means. No media organizations in the country were closed during the year. The Iraqi Association of Journalists asserted that journalists were censored and had been accused of collaboration with the insurgents after trying to report on both sides of the conflict.

There was no government censorship office. Licensing procedures are transparent and an independent entity was established to license broadcast media, although the process has lapsed in the face of other priorities.

The press does not require a license to operate. The independent media were active and diverse. There were several hundred daily and weekly publications, as well as dozens of Prostitutes Ad Dujayl and television stations at the national, regional, and local levels, broadcasting in Arabic, Kurdish two dialectsTurcoman, and Syriac.

The media represented a very wide range of viewpoints. Columnists openly criticized the government in print media, and government officials responded to viewer call-ins on television programs.

Election programs featured live debates among candidates. Public media one each Prostitutes Ad Dujayl TV, Prostitutes Ad Dujayl, and newspaper launched by the CPA were incorporated into a new publicly funded broadcaster, the Iraqi Media Network. Much of the media was owned by political party groups or coalitions of political, Prostitutes Ad Dujayl and religious groups. Despite the enabling legal framework, the lack of independent commercial financing resulted in many media outlets being the voices of and financially dependent upon political parties and other groups.

For private media, sales and advertising revenues typically did not produce a reliable income stream, and lack of a constant power supply was Prostitutes Ad Dujayl a problem. The most widely watched television stations were independent Al-Sharqiya and public broadcaster Al-Iraqiya, along with Arabic-language satellite channels operating outside the country, such as Al-Arabiya and Al-Jazeera.

Several other new outlets were gaining popularity, such as entertainment channel Al-Sumeria. Foreign journalists generally operated without legal or bureaucratic hindrance. However, the August ban continued on the Qatar-based Al-Jazeera news channel, based on an Iraqi Communication and Media Commission report accusing the station of Prostitutes Ad Dujayl violence and hatred.

The station continued to employ free-lance journalists in the country and also bought Prostitutes Ad Dujayl and footage about the country from other satellite networks. There were no restrictions on access to printed material or electronic media, equipment, or services.

Foreign news broadcasts were not jammed. According to the Committee to Protect Journalists, assailants killed or abducted at least 23 journalists and media assistants during the year. For example, gunmen shot and killed Prostitutes Ad Dujayl Shamal Abdallah Assad on April 15, as he was driving on Kirkuk's main street.

He was found shot and killed in an empty lot several hours after his abduction.

Men in police uniforms shot Prostitutes Ad Dujayl killed al-Madhidi's co-worker, Hind Ismail, the previous day.

On October 23, there were no reported fatalities among the media when three car bombs exploded in Baghdad near the Palestine and Sheraton Prostitutes Ad Dujayl, which housed many foreign journalists. Self-censorship took place due to a climate of fear of violence. On August 13, Al-Hurra television aired a program about the March incident at Basrah University in which Sadrists violently broke up a picnic and beat students for "un-Islamic" behavior see section 2.

Following the program, unidentified Sadrists kidnapped one Al-Hurra employee and threatened to kill the entire Basrah office's staff. The office remained closed at year's Prostitutes Ad Dujayl, and the employees were in hiding.

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There were no government restrictions on the Internet or academic freedom. However, Kurdish parties in the North and Shi'a-dominated parties in the South controlled Prostitutes Ad Dujayl pursuit of formal education and the granting of academic positions. Under the emergency law, the prime minister has the authority to restrict freedom of movement and assembly pursuant to a warrant or extreme exigent circumstances.

Many demonstrations took place countrywide on sensitive issues concerning government decisions or lack of government capacity to address problems, although not on subjects prohibited under the anti-Ba'th orders inherited from the CPA. Police generally did not break up peaceful demonstrations except when a curfew was violated.

However, the police used coercion at times. For example, on March 27, dozens of demonstrators entered the Ministry of Science and Technology, demanding higher wages. Shots were fired during the demonstration, resulting in minor injuries to seven individuals, after which the crowd Prostitutes Ad Dujayl dispersed.

The minister of interior warned citizens the following day not to hold protests, saying such gatherings invited large-scale terrorist attacks. In the streets of Najaf in early June police physically assaulted and detained students for wearing jeans and having long hair. The students said police Prostitutes Ad Dujayl them and Prostitutes Ad Dujayl their heads. In January Kurdish militia in Bartalah reportedly broke up a peaceful demonstration by Shabak villagers, assaulting several demonstrators and firing their weapons over the crowd.

Freedom of Religion The TAL provides for freedom of thought, conscience, and religious belief and practice. While the government endorsed these rights, its efforts to prevent or remedy violations were hampered by substantial politically and religiously driven violence between Sunni and Shi'a see section 1.

Deficiencies in security force capabilities and in the rule of law made it difficult for the justice system to investigate or address violations of these rights. Amid hostility and acts Prostitutes Ad Dujayl terrorism against citizens of different faiths and their places of worship, religious leaders repeatedly called for tolerance. Government leaders spoke often of the need for all citizens to unite--regardless of religious orientation--in the face of terrorism and repeatedly emphasized their Prostitutes Ad Dujayl to equal treatment for all religions and ethnicities.

The MOI undertook to investigate alleged police involvement in the unlawful detention, torture, and murder of Sunnis, but no results were released Prostitutes Ad Dujayl the year. Religious groups are required to register with the government.

According to the Christian and Prostitutes Ad Dujayl Religions Endowment Office, approximately 18 foreign missionaries applied during the year to operate in the country. After learning of the registration requirements, which Prostitutes Ad Dujayl having at least followers in the country, none of the organizations returned to complete the registration process.

An Prostitutes Ad Dujayl 97 percent of the population is Muslim. Shi'a Muslims--predominantly Arab, but also including Turcomen, Faili Kurds, and other ethnic groups--constitute 60 to 65 percent of the population. Sunni Muslims make up 32 to 37 percent of the population approximately 18 to 20 percent are Sunni Kurds, 12 to 16 percent Sunni Arabs, and the remainder Sunni Turcomen. Shi'a Arabs, although predominantly located in the South, are also a majority in Baghdad and have communities in most parts of the country.

Sunni form the majority in the center Arabs of the country and in the North Kurds. Shi'a and Sunni Arabs are not ethnically distinct. According to official estimates, the number of Christians in the country decreased from 1. According to church leaders in Irbil and Mosul, Christians in the North account for roughly 30 percent of the country's Christian population. Christian religious leaders estimate that approximately thousand Iraqi Christians live abroad. The ongoing insurgency significantly Prostitutes Ad Dujayl the ability of all religions to practice their faith.

Additionally, sectarian misappropriation of official authority within the security apparatus harmed the rule of law and the right of citizens to worship freely.

The Sunni Arab community often cited police raids of its mosques and religious sites as an example of targeting by the Shi'a-dominated government. On May 19, for example, security forces raided Baghdad's prominent Sunni Abu Hanifa Mosque as Friday prayers were ending, reportedly to detain alleged terrorists. Local leaders complained that security forces Prostitutes Ad Dujayl tear gas and abused women.

The prime minister subsequently provided compensation for damages to the Sunni Prostitutes Ad Dujayl endowment office and promised a full investigation of the incident. Subsequently, the police turned the mosque over to the Shi'a Endowment Office, which changed its name to Fatima Al Zahraa mosque.

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The police--particularly the Special Police--abducted, detained, and tortured individuals. According to a variety of reports, police engaged in extrajudicial killings, particularly of members of the Sunni Arab minority.

In many instances of alleged police abuse, it was impossible to confirm that all the perpetrators were in fact police officers because of instances of impersonation of police officials see section 1. There were allegations of religiously based employment discrimination. Several ministries, including those of health and communications, reportedly conducted large-scale firings of non-Shi'a employees, Prostitutes Ad Dujayl on the grounds that the fired Prostitutes Ad Dujayl were senior Ba'thists, security risks, or both see section 3.

Some non-Muslims accused the government of discrimination in hiring, claiming that unqualified Shi'a applicants were hired over qualified non-Muslims. The municipal administration of the city of Basrah allegedly refused to employ Christians. There were allegations that Prostitutes Ad Dujayl KRG engaged in discriminatory behavior against religious minorities.

Minorities living in areas north of Mosul asserted that the KRG confiscated their property--including the properties of Christians--without compensation and that the KRG began building Kurdish settlements. Assyrian Christians also alleged that the KDP-dominated judiciary routinely discriminated against non-Muslims and legal judgments in their favor were not enforced. In spite of alleged KRG discrimination against religious minorities, many non-Muslim minorities fled to Kurdish region from the more bellicose center and religiously repressive South Prostitutes Ad Dujayl the country.

During the year members of Catholic, Assyrian, and Armenian Orthodox churches as well as clerics left Shi'a-dominated Basrah because of religious, social, and economic discrimination and because of fears for their lives due to the unstable security situation for Christians. Societal Abuses and Discrimination. Extremists, including terrorist Prostitutes Ad Dujayl and militia members, targeted many individuals because of their religious orientation, and very conservative elements of society targeted others because of their secular leanings.

Many also were victims of the general lawlessness that permitted insurgents and criminal gangs, as well as those in police uniform to victimize citizens with impunity. In addition to kidnapping, individuals were the victims of Prostitutes Ad Dujayl, intimidation, and murder. Some Christians in Basrah reportedly were forced to pay protection for their personal welfare. Women and girls reportedly often were Prostitutes Ad Dujayl for not wearing the traditional headscarf hijabassaulted with acid for noncompliance, and sometimes killed for refusing to cover their heads or for wearing western-style clothing.

Some women were reportedly denied employment and educational opportunities because they were non-Muslim or did not present themselves as sufficiently conservative. Students generally were not prohibited from practicing their faith in school. However, members of non-Muslim minorities and secular Arabs in some schools were increasingly forced, often under the threat of violence, to adhere to conservative Islamic practices.

During the year Basrah's education director instituted a policy requiring all females in the schools to cover their heads.

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Additionally, all female university students in Mosul, including non-Muslims, were required to wear the Prostitutes Ad Dujayl. On March 15, Muqtada al-Sadr loyalists attacked picnicking Basrah University students, claiming they were violating the principles of Islam with their western-style clothing, and by singing, and dancing. The Sadrists fired guns at the students and beat them with sticks. Police were also present during the incident but did not intervene.

University officials reported that Prostitutes Ad Dujayl least 15 students were hospitalized, many with serious injuries see section 2.

On October 7, the station resumed broadcasting again.

An upsurge in sectarian violence occurred in early May. Foreign Prostitutes Ad Dujayl were reportedly responsible for killing Sunni and Shi'a clerics seeking to incite further sectarian violence. Terrorists attacked Prostitutes Ad Dujayl, and Sunni and Shi'a Prostitutes Ad Dujayl. They killed clerics, religious leaders, and private citizens of both sects.

Thirteen blindfolded and bound men, thought to be Sunni, were found shot to death on May 15 in Baghdad in the same Shi'a district where Prostitutes Ad Dujayl bodies of 14 Sunni had been found the previous Prostitutes Ad Dujayl. On the Prostitutes Ad Dujayl day, 11 bodies were found at another Baghdad location, and another 11, reported to be those of Shi'a ambushed by Prostitutes Ad Dujayl gunmen, were discovered south of Baghdad.

His body was subsequently discovered in Baghdad's Al-Shoa'ala neighborhood. Samaraie had been shot in the head, and his body showed signs of torture. According to the Sunni and Shi'a religious endowment offices, approximately 50 Shi'a and 15 Sunni mosques were bombed during the year. On June 4, a suicide bomber blew himself up killing 10 and wounding 12 Sunnis in a religious Prostitutes Ad Dujayl in a house in Balad, about 50 miles north of Baghdad.

A suicide bomber, thought to Prostitutes Ad Dujayl targeting Shi'a citizens, detonated explosives Prostitutes Ad Dujayl an outdoor market in Baghdad on November 3, killing approximately 20 and wounding at least Many women and children were among the dead and wounded. Another attack on July 16 at the same spot, which is near a Shi'a mosque, left at least 54 people dead. In that attack, a suicide bomber set off the explosives strapped to Prostitutes Ad Dujayl body near a gas station.

The resulting explosion also wounded at least Islamist militants harassed shopkeepers for providing goods or services considered to be inconsistent with Islam and sometimes killed them for failing to comply with warnings to stop such activity.

On May 11, leaflets were distributed in Yousifiya forbidding the sale of cigarettes and cautioning barbers not to cut hair in the modern styles or use thread to remove facial hair and produce smoother facial skin. Religious motivations apparently were the motivation of Islamic extremists' attacks on liquor store owners, primarily Christians and Yazidi.

Liquor stores in Baghdad, Mosul, and Basrah were bombed, looted, and defaced, and the Christian Prostitutes Ad Dujayl Other Religions Endowment Office reported that approximately 95 percent of such establishments closed due to threats by Prostitutes Ad Dujayl extremists.

While Sabean leaders stated that criminals targeted their community for its Prostitutes Ad Dujayl wealth, Islamic extremists threatened, kidnapped, and killed Sabeans for refusing to convert to Islam.

On January 16, Riyadh Radhi Habib, president of the Mandaean Supreme Spiritual Council in Basrah, died after being shot more than 90 times by 3 gunmen reportedly demanding that he convert to Islam. On February 15, armed men confronted Wafsi Majid Kashkul at his Baghdad jewelry store and reportedly demanded that he convert to Islam. When Kashkul refused, the men shot him and left without stealing anything from the shop. Prostitutes Ad Dujayl kidnappers demanded that the brothers convert to Islam; they refused and were shot and killed.

There were no reported examples of anti-Semitic actions against Jewish citizens. According to the head of the Christian and Other Religions Endowment Office, the country's millennia-old Jewish population had dwindled to only 20 persons in the Baghdad area.

There were also unverified reports of small numbers of Jews living in KRG areas. However, anti-Semitic sentiment remained a cultural undercurrent. As an example, the TNA passed a citizenship law on November 15 that, among other things, Prostitutes Ad Dujayl Iraqi Jews from regaining citizenship.

The Presidency Council the president and the two deputy presidents sent a notice to the TNA that it was vetoing this legislation, but the TNA challenged the legal effectiveness of the notice.

As a result of this dispute, the law was not in effect at year's end. For a more detailed discussion, see the International Religious Freedom Report. Freedom of Movement Within the Country, Foreign Travel, Emigration, and Repatriation The TAL guarantees the right of free movement in all parts of the country and the right to travel abroad and return freely; however, Prostitutes Ad Dujayl were some limitations in practice.

Under the state of emergency law, t he prime minister can restrict movement pursuant to a warrant, impose a curfew, cordon off and search an area, and take other necessary security and Prostitutes Ad Dujayl ary measures Prostitutes Ad Dujayl Kurdish areas, only in coordination with the KRG.

The government availed itself of these powers in practice in the course of the conflict. On numerous occasions, the KRG, denied entry on the basis of ethnic background, gender, and age. Security forces sometimes detained individuals for up to 14 hours and prohibited them from making outside contact, or turned them away at the checkpoint because Arabs were not allowed into the Kurdistan Region. KRG authorities asserted they were acting judiciously in controlling travel by individuals or groups entering Kurdistan from less secure parts of the country.

No cases were reported after the order was issued. The TAL expressly prohibits forced exile of all native-born citizens and, unless a judicial decision establishes that the naturalized citizen was granted citizenship on the basis of material falsifications, naturalized Prostitutes Ad Dujayl. Forced exile did not occur. There were no known government restrictions on emigration.

Exit permits were required for citizens leaving the country, but the requirement was not enforced. Despite legislation to the contrary, some authorities continued to require that women between the ages of 12 and 40 obtain the approval of a close male relative before being issued a passport.

Government officials denied that there was a policy to this effect. Internally Displaced Persons. The former regime was responsible for the displacement of Prostitutes Ad Dujayl than a million persons. By April more thanpersons were estimated to have returned to their places of origin, habitual places of residence, or other places of their choice.

In June operations related to the ongoing military conflict resulted in the new displacement of approximately 40 thousand persons in the Western Euphrates River Valley and 20 to 40 thousand persons from the predominantly Turcoman city of Tal Afar in Ninewah Province near the Syrian border.

During the Saddam era, both ethnic Arabs and non-Arabs were forced or induced to move to other regions of the country. The vast majority of IDPs were non-Arabs Kurds, Chaldo-Assyrians, and Turcoman forcibly relocated southward as part of the regime's "Arabization" process to make way for incoming Arab families forced or induced to settle around Kirkuk and other northern areas.

Many Arabs who were part of this Arabization process either fled their homes in the North during the war or were forced out or prevented from returning by Kurdish civilians and fighters who had returned to villages from which they had originally been displaced.

Frustrated by the Prostitutes Ad Dujayl resolution of property Prostitutes Ad Dujayl, the main Kurdish political parties encouraged and supported resettlement of Kurdish IDPs in Kirkuk outside the framework of the IPCC see section 1. Meanwhile, Arabs remained, especially in Kirkuk, in antagonistic and extremely poor conditions, facing pressure from Kurdish authorities to leave the province. Due to poor security conditions Prostitutes Ad Dujayl inadequate social infrastructure to absorb returnees, the Ministry for Displacement and Migration MODM continued to support a ban on the forced return of Iraqi citizens to the country from abroad.

The United Kingdom involuntarily returned 15 citizens to Irbil on November 21, and other countries were considering whether to follow suit. Additionally, there was a housing shortage estimated at between 1. There were also inadequate education and health Prostitutes Ad Dujayl facilities for the current displaced and refugee Prostitutes Ad Dujayl.

The MODM, however, continued to support the principles of voluntary repatriation and underscored the importance of safe and dignified returns. Protection of Refugees The law does not provide for the granting of asylum or refugee status in accordance with the UN Convention Prostitutes Ad Dujayl to the Status of Refugees and its protocol, and the government has not established a system for providing protection to refugees.

In practice the government provided some protection against refoulementthe return Prostitutes Ad Dujayl persons to a country where they feared persecution.

The government did not grant refugee status or asylum. However, the government recognized a refugee population of Prostitutes Ad Dujayl estimated 65 thousand persons. The government cooperated with UNHCR and other humanitarian organizations in assisting refugees and asylum seekers. During the year refugees were targeted in attacks carried out by insurgents, security forces, and members of the general public.

Protection for Palestinian and Syrian refugees continued to deteriorate. There were credible reports that police and individuals pretending to be police targeted Palestinians for arbitrary arrest, detention, and house raids. There was a wave of increased abuse of Prostitutes Ad Dujayl refugees by the security forces and the general public following the May Prostitutes Ad Dujayl bombing in Baghdad's Al-Jadida neighborhood after media reports attributed the violence to the Palestinians. Groups not affiliated with the government also reportedly threatened the physical safety of refugees from groups that the previous regime favored Palestinians, Syrian Ba'thists, and Ahwazis.

Groups not affiliated with the government harassed, threatened, and abused residents of both camps. UNHCR provided protection and assistance to both Syrian and Palestinian refugees through rental subsidies, other forms of material assistance, and legal representation. As of November 1, UNHCR did not have any international staff based in the country; therefore, it was unable to conduct refugee status determinations to assess the claims of asylum seekers and evaluate possible durable solutions for those recognized as refugees.

Citizens exercised this right at the national level for the first time on January 30, when they elected the members Prostitutes Ad Dujayl the Transitional National Assembly. Best transfers from Dubrovnik airport.

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Exceptionally, ministers were legally afforded the opportunity to review and prevent the execution of arrest warrants against ministry employees lawfully issued by sitting judges presiding over criminal investigations. The constitution mandates that authorities not enter or search homes except with a judicial order. In its March-April report, UNAMI reported that as many as women may have been victims of honor-related crimes--including killings, torture, and severe abuse--in the Kurdish area alone since the beginning of the year.

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